| Ground ambulance — mean cost per transport (range: private-for-profit to governmental agencies) | 2,673 $/transport | CMS GADCS Year 1–2 report (RAND), released Dec 2024 · 2022–2023 data fact |
| Ground ambulance — vehicle purchase price | 110,000–250,000 $/vehicle | vendor pricing guides · 2025 vendor |
| Helicopter EMS — average billed charge per transport (rotary-wing; up 22% from 2017's $24,924) | 30,446 $/transport | FAIR Health (via AJMC / Healthcare Finance) · 2020 data — newest authoritative charge series fact |
| Helicopter EMS — average in-network negotiated rate (what insurers actually pay) | 18,668 $/transport | FAIR Health · 2020 data fact |
| Helicopter EMS — estimated provider cost per transport | 11,000 $/transport | AAMS cost study · 2017 — newest available cost (not charge) estimate fact |
| Helicopter operating cost (H135 proxy) | 3,000–3,150 $/flight-hr | Conklin & de Decker (proprietary pricing guide) · ~2023 vendor |
| eVTOL projected operating cost per mile (vs ~$9/mi helicopter) | 3.8 $/aircraft-mi | company projections (public statements) · 2021 projection |
| eVTOL projected cost per seat-mile (Joby S-4) | 0.86 $/seat-mi | company projection · 2021 projection |
| eVTOL launch-era projected PRICE per passenger-mile (covers infrastructure, low utilization, pilots) | 3–8 $/passenger-mi | industry projections (Aviation Week and analyst commentary) · 2025–2026 projection |
| eVTOL air-ambulance modeled median cost per transport (10,000-iteration Monte Carlo) | 9,000 $/transport | Appl. Sci. 12(3):1183, MDPI open access — 'Advanced Air Mobility: … eVTOLs for Air Ambulance Service' · Jan 2022 model |
| Academic viability threshold — eVTOL base viable at or below | 3.6 × helicopter base cost | academic AAM operating-cost model · 2022 model |